完形填空 Why some brilliant ideas get overlooked In 1928, Karl Jansky, a young radio engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories, began researching static interference that might obscure voice transmissions. Five years later, after building a large rotating antenna (天线) and investigating every possibility he could think of, he published his remarkable ____1____: some of the static was coming from the Milky Way. Jansky’s theory was eye-catching enough to be published in The New York Times but scientists were ____2____. Radio signals from outer space Surely they were too weak to detect. Jansky’s ideas were largely ____3____ for about a decade. He died at the age of 44. Thankfully, he lived long enough to see his ideas blossom into field of radio astronomy. Jansky’s story resonates with us: we all like the idea of the researcher who is so far ahead of their ____4____ that it takes years for the rest of the world to catch up. Gregor Mendel’s research into plant genetics is a famous example — published in 1866, it was only verified and taken seriously in 1900. The stories of Jansky and Mendel hold out some hope to anyone who feels that the world has not quite ____5____ their brilliance. There is even a name for such cases, coined by Anthony van Raan of Leiden University: “Sleeping Beauties”, scientific papers that receive almost no citations for years, before finding wide ____6____. (Some scholars argue that the term is sexist and prefer “delayed recognition”.) So what is it about an idea that delays recognition One view is that brilliant ideas are overlooked when delivered by obscure messengers. Jansky and Mendel were somewhat detached from (离开) the scientific ____7____. In 1970, the sociologist Stephen Cole published an analysis arguing that the obstacle tended to lie in the ____8____ of the idea itself, rather than the prestige of the scientist behind it. Ideas fell asleep for a hundred years because they were radical, or confusing, or both. It is difficult to be sure. Two scholars of the field, Eugene Garfield and Wolfgand Glanzel, have argued that such ____9____ of delayed recognition are so rare as to be hard to analyse. Studying papers published in 1980 from the vantage (优势) point of 2004, they looked for articles that were barely cited for five years, then subsequently ____10____. They found just 60 examples in 450,000 cases. There are plenty of examples of research that is barely cited; what is rare is their subsequent popularity. Why, then, is this myth such a compelling one One explanation, of course, is that we all love a story of the underdog (黑马) who triumphs against ____11____. Immediate and sustained success is as boring as immediate and sustained failure. Another is that scientists themselves are fond of the thought that their ideas are ____12____. In an essay on delayed recognition, Garfield notes mildly that one historian of science, Derek Price, believed one of his own papers was suffering delayed recognition. It is ea ... ...
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