(
课件网) * Chapter 8 Economic Impacts of Tourism * Chapter 8 Economic Impacts of Tourism Economic Benefits Economic Costs * Economic Benefits * Economic Benefits * Economic Benefits * Economic Benefits Direct revenue * Economic Benefits Direct revenue Taxation revenue bed & sales taxes (set %) visas entry permit fees to public attractions airport departure taxes (e.g., national parks) * Economic Benefits Strategies to increase direct revenue Direct revenue * Economic Benefits Contributions of tourism to GNP Direct revenue GNP = value of all goods & services produced by a country in a given year 5% figure - indicates significant contribution to a country’s economy (e.g., 63 out of 178 countries (= 35%) meet or exceed 5% criterion - see Appendix 3) * Economic Benefits Indirect revenue * Economic Benefits Economic integration and diversification Encompasses goods & services that ‘feed into’ tourism industry through indirect impacts High IME found in a tourism sector with comprehensive backward linkages (e.g., UK) Backward Linkages * Economic Benefits Employment (direct and indirect) Accounts for 231 million jobs directly & indirectly close to 900,000 jobs in Australia Worldwide tourism: * Economic Benefits Regional development Suitability of certain types of tourism to areas where economic options are limited or in decline: 3S tourism ecotourism farm tourism * Economic Benefits Formal and informal sectors Reasons why destination managers/governments favour strong formal sector Subject to government regulation Includes largest & most technologically sophisticated businesses = primary generator of wealth & economic development indicator Generates substantial tax revenue * Economic Benefits Formal and informal sectors Reasons why destination managers/governments do not favour informal sector Not regulated in any official way Does not pay regular wages & taxes to government = difficult to quantify Perceived indicator of economic underdevelopment Criticised for unprofessional & harassing attitude toward tourists = not subject to quality control * Economic Costs Direct financial costs * Economic Costs Indirect financial costs Imported capital goods & services required by tourist industry (e.g. architect’s fees) Revenue leakages = curtail circulation of tourist receipts in destination economy Importation of goods & services used by tourist or tourism industry (e.g. petrol, food) Examples * Economic Costs Indirect financial costs Resort enclaves Inadequate local investment (e.g. foreign owned hotels) Demonstration effect Serious revenue leakages are most problematic for destinations with small economies, because of: Limited & non-diverse economies * Economic Costs Indirect financial costs Examples of indirect incentives: Reduced interest rates Tariff & quota exemptions Provision of land on favourable terms Tax holidays Special depreciation allowances Loan guarantees * Economic Costs Fluctuations in ... ...
