句子成分（按功能） 主语 主语是句子所表述的主体,说明句子讲的是“谁”或“什么”。主语一般位于句首,通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等充当。 例如: The sun was just setting.太阳刚往下落。[<牛津高阶>] Nobody can help you except yourself.只有你自己才能帮助你。 Three will be enough for us.三个对我们来说足够了。 To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge. 在如此短的时间内完成那项任务确实是一个挑战。 Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对你的健康有害。 That he will come to the discussion is certain.他肯定会来参加讨论的。 [注意]动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句末。例如: It is illegal to drive without a licence. 无照驾驶是违法的。 It is no use arguing with him. 与他争辩是徒劳的。 It doesn't matter whether she will come or not. 她来或不来都无关紧要。 谓语 谓语说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,通常由动词或短语动词充当。谓语有人称和数的变化,可分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。 简单谓语 由一个动词或短语动词构成。 例如: The car parks operate a pay-as-you-leave system. 这些停车场按“离开时付费”的模式运作。 Don't take on too much work-the extra cash isn't worth it. 不要太卖命了--多挣那点钱不值得。 复合谓语 复合谓语有多种结构,包括:半助动词+不定式( appear to do, seem to do, happen to do 等); 情态动词+动词原形;be+形容词+不定式(be about to do , be determined to do, be ready to do 等); 动词被动式+不定式/现在分词/过去分词(be known to be, be found to do, be kept doing 等); used to+动词;连系动词+表语。 例如: I happened to meet him on my way back. 我在回家的路上碰巧遇见了他。 Passengers may not take any photo during flight. 飞行期间,旅客不得拍照。 She was determined to find out who was responsible for this. 她决意弄清楚谁该对此事负责。 She is known to be a good teacher. 大家都称她是一位优秀教师。 There used to be a pond. 这儿从前有一个池塘。 She went blind at the age of ten. 她十岁时失明了。 【注意] 谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。 例如: She has served the family faithfully for thirty years. 她为这个家忠心耿耿地操劳了三十年。 宾语 宾语在句中主要充当动作的对象或行为的承受者,一般置于及物动词或介词之后,通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)以及从句等充当。 例如: Everyone should obey the laws.人人都应遵纪守法。 He invited us to the party yesterday.昨天他邀请我们参加聚会。 Jack chose to take a job in Paris.杰克决定在巴黎找份工作。 I don't mind opening the window.我不介意打开窗户。 Have you determined which cellphone you should buy 你已经决定要买哪个手机了吗 【知识拓展]有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语与间接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前,也可位于其后,位于其后时,要在间接宾语前加to或 for 等介词。 例如: Can you pass her the book = Can you pass the book to her 你能递给她那本书吗 补语 补语主要对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明。补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语两类。 主语补足语 主语补足语通常由名词、形容词、分词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或介词短语等充当。 例如: He was found the right man for the job. 大家认为他是这项工作的合适人选。 The injured were f ... ...
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