Unit 1 The Mass Media Grammar and usage & Integrated skills 导学案（含答案）译林版（2019）选修二

年 级：高二 科 目：英语 内 容：选择性必修二 U1 Grammar and usage - Integrated skills 【同步语法梳理】 一、构成 肯定句：主语+had+done 否定句：主语+had not +done... 一般疑问句：Had +主语+done... 特殊疑问句：疑问词+had+(主语+)done... 二、用法 1、表示在过去某个动作或时间之前已经发生或者完成的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用by,before等引导的时间状语从句连用。 They had constructed a new bridge in the valley by the end of last month. The captain had checked all the equipment before the ship set sail. By the end of last month,we had finished half of the project. 2、表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作，常与for，since引导的时间状语（从句）连用。 He told us that he had done the scientific research for five years. He said he had made great progress since he came here. 3、表示过去未实现的计划或者愿望，常用的动词有：hope,expect,suppose,think,want,intend,mean,plan等。 He had wanted to help you but he had no time then. I had never thought that you were willing to help me. 4、用于“This/It was the first/second...time that...”“It was +一段时间+since从句”“This was the+形容词最高级+名词+从句”等句型中，从句用过去完成时。 It was the first time that he had organized such an adventure trip. It was five months since he had returned. This was the best advice that I had ever given to my friend. 5、在hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...等结构中，主句一般使用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当否定副词hardly,scarcely,no sooner位于句首时，主句采用部分倒装。 Hardly had I finished the work when the light went out. No sooner had she arrived than she devoted herself to her research. 6、在表示过去动作先于主句动作发生的宾语从句中，用过去完成时。 He told me he had watched the sunrise at the top of Mount Tai. 7、在条件状语从句中，表示与过去事实相反的假设时，从句要用过去完成时。 If you had helped me,I would have got a high score. 三、重难点提示 1、过去完成时和现在完成时的区别 过去完成时和现在完成时，都可以跟表示一段时间的状语连用，如for a week，fort three years,for a long time。 但现在完成时表示在过去开始并延续到现在的动作，句中不能有明确的过去时间状语。 而过去完成时则表示在过去某一时间开始并延续到过去某个时间的动作，句中含有表示截止到过去的时间状语。 比较：She has been ill for a week. She had been ill for a week before she came back. Everything has gone well up to now. Everything had gone well up to that time. 2、在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，尤其是before和after,as soon as引导的从句，它们已经表明了主句和从句谓语动词发生的先后，所以在先的那个动作可以不用过去完成时。 I (had) closed the window before he left the room. After he (had) left the classroom,the teacher came in. 3、ago和before ago指以现在为起点的一段时间以前，谓语动词用一般过去时；before指以过去为起点的一段时间以前，谓语动词往往使用过去完成时。 四. 总结 1、主语+过去完成时 + ① when引导的从句（注：从句谓语动词为过去式) + ② by短语 + ③ by the time引导的从句（注：从句谓语动词为过去式） + ④ before引导的从句（注：从句谓语动词为过去式）例如 2、特殊句式 1. 主语+had+hardly(scarcely)+过去分词+when(before)+主语十一 ... ...