Period Three Grammar & Writing 语法精析 一、简单句的五种基本类型 (一)主语＋不及物动词(S＋V) 不能直接加宾语的动词叫做不及物动词。例如： The baby laughs. The children are swimming. (二)主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S＋V＋O) 后面跟宾语意思才完整的动词是及物动词。名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式都可以做宾语。例如： The workers made machines. The students are cleaning the classroom. (三)主语＋系动词＋表语(S＋V＋P) 常见的系动词有：get，be，turn，look，smell，taste，sound，become等。表语是英语中的一种特殊成分，常跟在连系动词后面。表语一般由名词或形容词等充当。例如： He became angry. My mother is a teacher. (四)主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(S＋V＋IO＋DO) 有些及物动词可以有两个(双)宾语，指人的宾语叫做间接宾语，指物的宾语叫做直接宾语，合称为双宾语。如把直接宾语放在间接宾语之前，间接宾语前要加介词to或者for。 1．与介词to连用的动词主要有：give，bring，lend，pass，show，teach，tell，take，send等。例如： He gave me a ruler.＝He gave a ruler to me. 2．与介词for连用的动词主要有：buy，cook，do，find，get，leave，make，play等。例如： My mother bought one beautiful birthday present for me.＝My mother bought me a beautiful birthday present. 注意：如果直接宾语是人称代词时，必须将其置于间接宾语之前。 【误】I need some salt.Pass me it，please. 【正】I need some salt.Pass it to me，please. (五)主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S＋V＋O＋OC) 宾语＋宾语补足语叫做复合宾语，跟宾语补足语的常有以下几类词： 1．后面一般跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，get，order，tell，want，wish，allow等。例如： Our teacher told us to come early tomorrow. 2．后面一般跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：四“看”：see，watch，look at，notice；三“使役”：let，have，make；二“听”：hear，listen to；一“感觉”：feel等。例如： Did you see him come in 二、句子成分 (一)主语(S)：句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east.(名词) He likes dancing.(代词) Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词) Seeing is believing.(动名词) To see is to believe.(不定式) What he needs is a book.(从句) It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语) (二)谓语(V)：说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 We study English.(实义动词) He is asleep.(系动词) (三)表语(P)：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher.(名词) Seventy four！You don’t look it.(代词) Five and five is ten.(数词) He is asleep.(形容词) His father is in.(副词) The picture is on the wall.(介词短语) My watch is gone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词) To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor，I can’t buy a ring.” (不定式) The question is whether they will come.(从句) 常见的系动词有：be，sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)，remain(保持，仍是)，feel(感觉)． It sounds a good idea. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. (四)宾语(O)：表示动作的对象或承受者。 1．动作的承受者———动宾 I like China.(名词) He hates you.(代词) —How many do you need —We need two.(数词) We should help the old and the poor ... ...
