中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台 分词用法梳理 分词包括现在分词和过去分词（present participle & past participle）两种形式。 （一）分词形式 1. 现在分词形式 现在分词可分为一般式和完成式两种；在语态上可分为主动语态和被动语态。 （1）一般式 时态 语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 在时间上表示一个正在进行；或与谓语动词同时发生或存在的动作和状态 The boy singing in the hall is one of the top singers from the university. Hearing the news, he jumped. （2）完成式 分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生. Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy. Having been criticized by the teacher, he decided to study hard. （3）被动式 现在分词的被动式（进行的被动）可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中. This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse. These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers. （4）完成被动式 现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中. Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home. 过去分词形式 过去分词只有一种形式，即：done形式。它表示一个被动、或完成、或完成与被动的动作。 The fallen leaves means the autumn’s coming.（完成） The building built last year is our library.（完成、被动） 3.分词的否定形式 not+分词 Not having received his letter, he decided to call him. Not knowing his address, she cannot get in touch with him. （二）句法功能 1． 分词结构作定语 分词作定语时有下面特点：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意；现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 1）现在分词作定语 He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。 【例】As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supported schools must be established in every town having 50 households or more. 2）过去分词作定语 distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区。来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,在此情形下仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义。如：the risen sun, fallen leaves, retired workers, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于一个定语从句。 Most of the people invited to the reception（=who were invited to the reception） were old friends. 【例】If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one being corrected. （注意：分词短语做后置定语的情况，在阅读理解的文章中随处可见，考 ... ...
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