(
课件网) * Chapter 9 Sociocultural and Environmental Impacts of Tourism * Chapter 9 Sociocultural & Environmental Impacts of Tourism Sociocultural Benefits Sociocultural Costs Environmental Benefits Environmental Costs * Sociocultural Benefits Promotion of cross-cultural understanding View that tourism functions as force for world peace (i.e. ‘two-track diplomacy’) Belief that personal contacts between tourists & residents combat stereotypes * Sociocultural Benefits Promotion of cross-cultural understanding Tourism stimulates preservation or restoration of historic buildings & sites (‘pull factor’) Benefits for residents: generation of revenue appreciation of own heritage preservation or revitalisation of ceremonies & traditions * Sociocultural Benefits Promoting social wellbeing and stability Tourism promotes economic development = increased political stability & prosperity of destination Need to maintain tourist arrivals provides incentive for host community to minimise crime & offer other MDC services (e.g. police, health care): residents also benefit * Sociocultural Costs Commodification PHASE 1: Authentic culture is genuinely shared with travellers; no commercial exchange (may be given genuine artifacts) COMMODIFICATION PROCESS PHASE 2: Authentic culture is made available to tourists for a small fee (sale of artifacts) (= commercialisation) * Sociocultural Costs Commodification COMMODIFICATION PROCESS PHASE 3: Culture modified to meet tourist expectations & sensitivities (e.g. extra performances, modification of clothing) & market dictates prices PHASE 4: Cultural display completely contrived & commercialised (may culminate in prostitution) ( = loss of original culture) * Sociocultural Costs Commodification FRONTSTAGE AND BACKSTAGE: Coping mechanism for local residents Frontstage: Explicitly or tacitly recognised spaces within destination are mobilised for tourism purposes (e.g. cultural performances) Backstage: Areas of destination where personal or intra-group activities occur (e.g. non- commercialised cultural performances). * Sociocultural Costs Commodification Sociocultural stereotypes & sexual imagery are frequently used because of effectiveness in selling an attractive destination image to certain tourist market segments. PROSTITUTION * Sociocultural Costs The relationship between tourism & crime Tourism lends itself to being a ‘scapegoat’ for other ills in society, since tourism crimes are highly publicised Tourism growth is usually accompanied by growth in residential population; hence, increases in crime may simply reflect increases in population * Sociocultural Costs The demonstration effect revisited LOCAL PEOPLE TRY TO IMITATE TOURIST LIFESTYLES Problem: How to distinguish effect of tourism from effect of media Direct: Tourists locals Indirect: Tourists local elite locals Locals may resort to crime to achieve this lifestyle * Sociocultural Costs The relationship betwe ... ...
