要点一：“by +动词-ing”形式 （2016﹒贵州铜仁）—We must be strict _____ ourselves. 21世纪教育网版权所有 —I think so. A. with B. on C. in D. by 【归纳拓展】 介词by的用法归纳 （1）by意为＂通过……，靠……，凭……＂，其后加名词、代词或动词-ing形式，在句中作方式状语。可以用来回答how引导的疑问句。 He had to do all the work by hand. 所有的工作他都要靠手工完成。 You can practice soccer by joining a sports club. 你可以通过加入体育俱乐部来练习足球。 （2）by＋地点名词，表方位，意为＂在……旁边＂。 We live by the sea. 我们住在海边。 （3）by＋时间名词，意为＂到……时为止(已发生某事)；最晚、不迟于……；在……之前＂，此时谓语可用完成时。 by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of last year/three o’clock等。 I must be in bed by ten o’clock. 我必须在10点之前睡觉。 （4）by＋交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为＂通过……，由……，乘……＂。 by train / taxi / bus / bike/ boat / sea / water / air等。 I went to Beijing by plane. 我乘飞机去了北京。 （5）by的常见短语： by means of / by way of / by the way / one by one / step by step / side by side /by oneself / by birth/take...by surprise/learn...by heart等。 【易混辨析】 易混词 含义 用法 例句 by 指通过某种方式、方法；乘某种交通工具，还可表示＂在……旁＂。 后接名词、代词或动名词。 I go to school by bike. 我骑车去上。 I live by the river. 我住在河边。 with 后跟身体器官或某种工具。 后接名词或代词。 He often writes with his left hand. 他常用左手写字。 表示＂具有，拥有，戴＂。 Who’s that man with sunglasses? 那个戴墨镜的男人是谁？ in 表示用语言、语调、笔墨或颜色。 后接名词或代词。 We don’t write letters in red. 我们不用红笔写信。 Now she begins to paint in oils. 现在她开始画油画了。 要点二：that和if/whether引导的宾语从句 1. （2016﹒河南）—What did Tom say to you just now, John?21cnjy.com —He asked _____. A. why I am so happy today B. what will I do for the weekend C. Who did I play football with after school D. if I could go to the movie with him tonight 2.（2016﹒贵州黔西南）Can you tell me _____ it will rain or not tomorrow? A. whether B. if C. that D. when 【归纳拓展】 在复合句中，如果由一个句子充当宾语，这个句子叫作宾语从句。引导宾语从句的常见关联词有that, if/whether, what, who, where, why和how等，本单元主要习that和if/whether引导的宾语从句。# 一、that引导的宾语从句 1. 关联词 当宾语从句是陈述句时，用that引导，that在口语或非正式文体中常省略。 I think（that）he’ll return in an hour.我想他将在一个小时以后回来。 The teacher said (that) I was right. 老师说我是正确的。 【拓展】关联词that在下列情况下不可省略： （1）当宾语从句的主语是that时。 He says that that is a map of the city. 他说那是一副城市地图。 （2）当宾语从句前有插入语时。 He says, in his letter, that he misses us very much. 在他的信中，他说他非常想念我们。 （3）当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。 I can’t tell him that his father died. 我不能告诉他他父亲去世了。 2. 时态 （1）如果主句为一般现在时，从句可选择任意适当的时态。 I’m sorry to hear that you were ill last week. 听说你上周病了，我很难过。 （2）如果主句是一般过去时，从句一般要用 ... ...
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