由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句 在复合句中作定语，修饰主句或主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句由关系词引导。限制性定语从句表现为在意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，若省略，主句的内容就不完整或失去意义；它和主句的关系十分密切，不可用逗号分开。 先行词是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。关系词指代先行词，在从句中作一定的句子成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose，as等。 [观察例句] 1．Do you know the man that/who is waiting outside 2．He showed me the photos (that/which) he took on his trip to Xi'an. 3．Simon is the poor man whose car has been stolen. 4．I like the way (that/in which) she smiles. 5．The trees that/which are behind the office building have lost their leaves. 6．Then another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan. 7．The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 8．Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. [归纳用法] 一、定语从句的先行词 先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分，从构成上而言，它可以是名词、代词、名词性短语等；从句子成分上而言，它可以是主句的主语、宾语、表语等。下面，我们从两个实例来看一下定语从句及其相关成分的分布： 二、关系代词的用法 1．that的用法 that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中通常作主语、宾语、状语或表语，而且作宾语或状语时常可省略。 This is the book.I want to read it. →This is the book (that)I want to read. 这就是我想读的那本书。(that指代the book，在定语从句中充当宾语) 2．which的用法 which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，常与that互换使用。 The houses overlook the lake.They cost more. →The houses which/that overlook the lake cost more. 俯瞰湖泊的房子价格高一些。(which/that指代the houses，在定语从句中充当主语) 3．who的用法 who指人，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 The tall man is Yao Ming.Yao Ming is playing basketball. →The tall man who is playing basketball is Yao Ming. 正在打篮球的那个很高的人是姚明。(who指代Yao Ming，在定语从句中充当主语) 4．whom的用法 whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。 This is the girl.I met the girl in the street. →This is the girl whom I met in the street. 这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。(whom指代the girl，在定语从句中充当宾语) 5．whose的用法 whose既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，指人时，相当于of whom the；指物时，相当于of which the。 I have read the book.I like its characters very much. →I have read the book whose/of which the characters I like very much. 我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。(whose指代先行词the book，在定语从句中充当定语) 6．关系代词that与which的区别 情况 用that还是which 先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰 that 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰 that 先行词由the very，the only等修饰 that 先行词既指人也指物 that 先行词前有疑问代词which时 that there be句型中，句子的主语是先行词而且又是指物的名词 that 句中已经出现过that或which 交替使用 先行词为主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语 that 关系代词前面有介词 which 关系代词后面带有插入语 which 三、关系代词的省略 关系代词在从句中作宾语时，通常可以省略。 The man(whom/who)you saw just n ... ...
