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课件网) Unit 4 Body Language Learning About Language Learning objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Enhance your own vocabulary through learning about the different forms of the words; Understand the difference in meaning of words that are spelt the same based on their parts of speech or usage; Grasp and practise words in context; Get into the habit of looking up dictionaries during learning. Three ways of word formation: 构词法 1.转化 Conversion 2.合成 Compounding 3.派生/缀合 Derivation 4.缩略法 Abbreviation 5.截短法 Clipping Now, let’s watch a video about English word-formation. 1. 转化法(Conversion):也叫 “零派生法”,(Zero Derivation)是英语中最简洁、最常用的构词法之一,核心定义是:不改变单词的拼写形式,仅通过改变其语法词性(如名词→动词、形容词→名词),从而产生新含义、形成新词的方法。 转化法的核心特点: 1.拼写不变:新词与原词的字母组合完全一致,无任何形式变化(这是与派生法、合成法的核心区别); 2.词性改变:核心变化是语法功能的转换(如名词作动词、形容词作名词); 3.语义关联:新词的含义通常与原词密切相关,多是原词语义的延伸或场景化应用(不会完全脱离原词本义)。 词(名词) 转化词(动词) 例句 book(书) book(预订) I need to book a flight to Beijing. water(水) water(浇水) She waters the flowers every morning. doctor(医生) doctor(诊治) He doctored the wounded soldier on the battlefield. park(公园) park(停车) Can I park my car here email(邮件) email(发邮件) I’ll email you the report tonight. 原词(动词) 转化词(名词) 例句 run(跑) run(跑步;短途旅行) Let’s go for a run after dinner. look(看) look(样子;一瞥) She gave him a strange look. build(建造) build(建筑;构造) The new building is a modern build. win(赢) win(胜利) That’s a big win for our team. help(帮助) help(帮手;帮助) He’s a great help in the office. 2.派生(Derivation):通过在基础单词(词根 / 词干)前添加前缀(Prefix)、或后添加后缀(Suffix),甚至同时添加前后缀,改变原词的含义、词性或语义色彩,从而构成新词的方法。 组成部分 定义 位置 核心作用 词根 单词的核心语义单元,承载单词最基本的含义(无词性) 单词中心 决定单词的核心语义(如port=“搬运”,vis=“看”) 前缀 附加在词根前的词缀 词根前 主要改变单词的含义(如 “肯定→否定”“时间→空间”),不改变词性(少数例外) 后缀 附加在词根 / 词干后的词缀 词根 / 词干后 主要改变单词的词性(如名词→动词、形容词→副词),可轻微调整语义(如褒义→贬义) 前缀 含义 例子 dis- un- 否定 dislike unhappy re- 再一次 retell pre - 事先,先前 prehistory sub- 向下 subway 后缀 含义 例子 -ist 一类人 journalist artist -ive ....的 creative active -ness 表名词 vastness darkness -al ...的 traditional natural Fill in the table with different forms of the words. Refer to a dictionary if necessary. Noun Verb Adjective Adverb differ vary rely interact approve embarrass difference different differently variance/variable/ variability/variation variable/various/varied variously/variably reliance/reliability reliable reliably interaction interactive interact ... ...